This is continuing coverage ofthe Rossi Focardi Energy Catalyzer (RFEC) – may as well give it anacronym. Confirmation is falling intoplace and we are seeing possible explanations emerging. Those explanations will need to be confirmedby careful experimentation and it is way too early for any of that. Way more importantly, we can immediatelyproduce a cell that generate an enormous amount of heat yet is completely controlledand can be shut down safely while not producing dangerous radiation.
No one needs the science tounderstand what this means today. Everythermal power plant today can start planning to replace their conventional heatproduction with these cells. I am sureit will not be easy, but the fact is that the main effort will be to salvage theplumbing from the soon to be decommissioned reactor or burners.
It also means that the windenergy industry also became obsolete as did just about every other method.
It appears that a small fractionof nickel is upgraded to copper by an electron joining in to a proton. The heat is absorbed by the surroundingnickel to be drawn of. Both ends aresafe and the metal is cheap and usable afterward. There is no realistic fuel cost to the systemand we have an energy protocol that establishes a new cost floor while immediatelycombining with the new superconducting cables on the way.
The only thing as cheap is a paidfor hydro dam and we will never build any more of those except as a floodcontrol measure.
What is hard to countenance isthat this makes all other power production scrap metal. It also paves the way for a swift conversionto electrical vehicles. We now have allthe best tools and a collapsing cost base to drive the market. Unbelievably, I can now look forward to apower industry and electrical transport rollout that will look like theelectronics rollout of the past forty years.
The take home is pretty serious. This is an industrial revolution and a hugeamount of legacy capital must be stranded. Do not allow your investment portfolio to be exposed.
Swedish Researchers confirm Rossi and Focardi Energy Catalyzer as aNuclear Process
APRIL 06, 2011
Three E-cats without insulation and one insulated. Text in blueindicates hydrogen inlet, main heater, auxiliary heater and water inlet. Foto:Giuseppe Levi
“In some way a new kind of physics istaking place. It’s enigmatic, but probably no new laws of nature are involved.We believe it is possible to explain the process with known laws of nature,”said Hanno Essén, associate professor of theoretical physics and a lecturer atthe Swedish Royal Institute of Technology and chairman of the Swedish SkepticsSociety.
Essén and Professor Emeritus at Uppsala University Sven Kullander, alsochairman of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences’ Energy Committee, both participatedon 29 March as observers at a new trial in Bologna of the so-called ‘energycatalyzer’, which could be based on cold fusion, or LENR, Low Energy NuclearReaction.
Essén and Professor Emeritus at Uppsala University SvenKullander, also chairman of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences’ EnergyCommittee, both participated on 29 March as observers at a new trial in Bolognaof the so-called ‘energy catalyzer’, which could be based on cold fusion, orLENR, Low Energy Nuclear Reaction.
Participants included the inventor of the device, Andrea Rossi, his scientificadvisor Professor Sergio Focardi, and physicists Dr. David Bianchini and Dr.Giuseppe Levi from
The new trial was conducted in much the same way as the trial in January, andlasted for nearly six hours. According to observations by Kullander and Essén,a total energy of about 25 kWh was generated.
“Any chemical processshould be ruled out for producing 25 kWh from whatever is in a 50 cubiccentimeter container. The only alternative explanation is that there is somekind of a nuclear process that gives rise to the measured energy production.”
The power output was estimated to about 4.4 kW. It’s barely half the powercompared with the two previous documented experiments inJanuary and February 2011, because the trial was made with a new and smallerversion of the energy catalyzer.
The new trial was the first officially documented with the smaller versionwhich, according to Rossi, is more stable.
“With the smaller version we avoid the power peaks that occurred at ignitionand switching off,” Andrea Rossi told Ny Teknik.
He also stated that the smaller version will be used for the plannedinstallation of about one megawatt for the pilot customer Defkalion GreenTechnologies in
According to Rossi, a total of 300 reactors connected in series and parallel,will be used in the installation. Originally 100 reactors of the version thatdelivered 10 kW of power during earlier trials, were supposedly planned for theone-megawatt installation. Rossi still expects the inauguration to take place inOctober 2011.
At the trial in
The reactor itself, which is loaded with the nickel powder and secret catalystspressurized with hydrogen, has an estimated volume of 50 cubic centimeters (3.2cubic inches). The reactor is made of stainless steel.
A copper tube surrounds the steel reactor. The water to be heated flows betweenthe steel and the copper. In operation, the construction is also surrounded byinsulation and a lead shielding with a thickness of approximately twocentimeters (0.8 inches).
Before starting, Kullander and Essén calibrated the water flow and estimated itat 6.5 kg per hour. The power required to heat theflowing water from 18 degrees and convert it completely into steam wascalculated to 4.7 kW.
They also filled the reactor with hydrogen at a pressure of about 25 bars. Thereactor was according to Rossi loaded with 50 grams of nickel powder.
As in previous trials the process was ‘ignited’ with an electrical resistance.Input power was 330 watts, of which about 30 watts were required to operate theelectronics.
A phenomenon that Kullander and Essén noted was that the curve for the watertemperature at the output showed a steady increase up to about 60 degreescentigrade, after which the increase escalated.
“The curve then became steeper, it clearly had a new derivative. At the sametime there was no increase in power consumption, it rather decreased when itgot warmer,” said Essén.
In their report they note that it took nine minutes to go from 20 to 60 degreescentigrade, which corresponds to the heating from the input electrical power.Going from 60 to 97.5 degrees centigrade, by contrast, just took four minutes.
Throughout the experiment Kullander and Essén had the opportunity to examinethe equipment.
“We checked everything that could be checked, and we could walk around freelyand have a look at most of the equipment,” said Essén.
“We looked specifically into the big control unit (with electronics) and itcontains mostly rectifiers and passive components – there was nothing ofinterest in it,” said Kullander, which is in line of what Dr. Levi previouslynoted.
Kullander and Essén had their first contact with Rossi in mid February, at thetime of a discussion of the physics in the energy catalyzer, organized by NyTeknik. After getting answers from Rossi to several questions, they expressed acautiously optimistic opinion about the technology.
At a first meeting with Rossi at the end of February they were given access toa sample of the pure nickel powder, intended for use in the energy catalyzer,and another sample of nickel powder which, according to Rossi, had been used inthe reactor for 2.5 months.
Their analyses showed that the pure powder consists of essentially pure nickel,while the used powder contains several other substances, mainly 10 percentcopper and 11 percent iron.
“Provided that copper is not one of the additives used as catalyst, the copperisotopes 63 and 65 can only have been formed during the process. Their presenceis therefore a proof that nuclear reactions took place in the process,”Kullander said (see further details below).
The meeting in February in turn led to their involvement in the new trial in
“My belief that there is an energy development far beyond what one would expecthas been strengthened significantly as I have had the opportunity to see theprocess for myself and perform measurements,” said Kullander.
“Everything that we’ve found so far fits together. There is nothing that seemsto be strange. All people seem to be honest and competent,” Essén added.
In line of what they expressed during the discussion in February, they believethat the physics of the energy catalyzer may possibly be explained by acombination of atomic, molecular, nuclear and plasma physics. At the same timethey are skeptical of detailed and hypothetical theories suggested at thisstage, and stressed instead the need for more data.
They describe that Focardi and Levi have the same approach, and support theirviewpoint.
Analyses of the nickel powder used in Rossi’s energy catalyzer show that alarge amount of copper is formed. Sven Kullander considers this to be evidenceof a nuclear reaction.
For copper to be formed out of nickel, the nucleus of nickel has to capture aproton. The fact that this possibly occurs in Rossi’s reactor is why theconcept of cold fusion has been mentioned – it would consist of fusion betweennuclei of nickel and hydrogen.
A term that many consider to be more accurate, however, is LENR, Low EnergyNuclear Reaction.
Ny Teknik: For how long has the powder supposedly been used in the process?
Kullander: The powder has reportedly been used for 2.5 months continuously withan output of 10 kW (according to Rossi). It corresponds to a total energy of 18MWh, with a consumption of up to 100 grams of nickel and two grams of hydrogen.If the production had been done with oil, two tons of oil would have beenrequired.
If Rossi and Focardi can Deliver
APRIL 07, 2011
A recent theory for cold fusion is that deuteron stripping reactions(1935 discovery by Oppenheimer) are occurring with Nickel-64 isotope. Thiswould produce 8 MeV for each reaction for the 1% of the nickel that isnickel-64. 80,000 eV for each atom of nickel. 1250 times more energy density byweight than any chemical reaction.
Rossi has claimed that they will make a one megawatt power plantby the end of this year and a 300,000 unit a year manufacturing plant in Xanthiwill follow in 2012-2013. Assuming those are the smaller units whichneed 300 for each MW, then they would have a 1 gigawatt/year plant. A 1gigawatt/year plant could not have any reliability issues that have plaguedprior LENR work.If they are real then there would be fairly rapid scaling up from the 1gigawatt/year plants. There would be major energy delivery impact by 2015-2017.
Lewis G. Larsen developed a theory of LENRs(WLT) that explains ALL the evidence and along with Dr. Alan Widom publishedtheir theory in Eur. Phys. J. C (2006)
• WLT is the 1st theory to not require “New Physics”.
• WLT is the 1st theory to not require “New Physics”.
• It relies on the Weak Nuclear force which:
* Produces a neutron viaelectron capture
* Does not have a Coulomb barrier toovercome
• The theory combines QED, Condensed Matter,Nuclear, and Plasma Physics
New Aviation Missions with Successful LENR
All transportation and energy would be hugely impacted. Planes, cars, space travel,world economic growth and everything else.
• Increase in capability results in new applications
Mini -Micro -Nano air vehicles
• Sensor swarms/meshes
• Package delivery
• Huge implications for ATC
Personal Air Vehicles
• Performance equates to increased safety
• Performance fully enables true point-to-point
• Greatly extended range (Local -> Global!)
• Huge implications for ATC
Military
• Unlimited loiter
• Enhanced mobility with a reduction of supply logistics
• Horizontal take-off access to orbit
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